|
Abu Zubaydah ( ; (アラビア語:ابو زبيدة), ''Abū Zubaydah''; born March 12, 1971 as Zayn al-Abidin Muhammad Husayn) is a Saudi Arabian citizen currently held by the U.S. in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba. He is held under the authority of Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists (AUMF). Zubaydah was arrested in Pakistan in March 2002 and has been in United States custody for more than twelve years, four-and-a-half of them in the secret prison network of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). He was transferred among prisons in various countries as part of United States rendition program. During the time in CIA custody Zubaydah was extensively interrogated; he was water-boarded 83 times〔http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/world/20detain.html?_r=0〕 and subjected to numerous other torture techniques including forced nudity, sleep deprivation, confinement in small dark boxes, deprivation of solid food, stress positions, and physical assaults. While in CIA custody, Zubaydah lost his left eye.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=16 absolutely outrageous abuses detailed in the CIA torture report )〕 Videotapes of some of Zubaydah's interrogations are amongst those destroyed by the CIA in 2005. It was not until September 2006 that Zubaydah, together with ten other "high-value detainees" were transferred to Guantanamo. He and other former CIA detainees are held in Camp 7, where conditions are the most isolating. At his Combatant Status Review Tribunal in 2007, Zubaydah said he was told that the CIA realized he was not significant. On July 24, 2014 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ordered the Polish government to pay Zubaydah 100,000 euros in damages. It also awarded him 30,000 euros to cover his costs. Poland cooperated with US allowing the CIA to hold and torture Zubaydah on its territory in 2002–2003. Abu Zubaydah said through his US lawyer that he would be donating the full €100,000 in damages to victims of torture.〔https://news.yahoo.com/european-court-rejects-polish-appeal-cia-jail-case-183203445.html〕 Joseph Marguiles was a lawyer for Zubaydah.〔http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/government-elections-politics/secrets-politics-and-torture/transcript-83/〕 == Biography and early activities == According to his younger brother Hesham, they had eight siblings.〔 〕 Hesham remembers his older brother "as a happy-go-lucky guy, and something of a womanizer."〔 Born in Saudi Arabia, Zubaydah moved to the West Bank as a teenager, where he joined in Palestinian demonstrations against the Israelis.〔Mayer, Jane, ''The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned Into a War on American Ideals'', 2008. p. 140〕〔(Christopher Dickey, ''Securing The City: Inside America's Best Counterterror Force—The NYPD'' ), Simon & Schuster, 2009〕 Zubaydah is reported to have studied computer science in Pune, India prior to his travel to Afghanistan/Pakistan at the age of 20 in 1991.〔 〕 He joined the mujahideen in the Afghan civil war,〔(Peter Finn and Joby Warrick, "Detainee's Harsh Treatment Foiled No Plots" ), ''The Washington Post'', March 29, 2009〕 perhaps serving under Mohamad Kamal Elzahabi.〔 〕 In 1992, Zubaydah was injured in a mortar shell blast, which left shrapnel in his head and caused severe memory loss, as well as the loss of the ability to speak for over one year.〔 〕〔(Dan Eggen and Walter Pincus, "FBI, CIA Debate Significance of Terror Suspect: Agencies Also Disagree On Interrogation Methods" ), ''The Washington Post'', December 18, 2007〕〔Ron Suskind, ''The One Percent Doctrine: Deep Inside America's Pursuit of Its Enemies Since 9/11,'' Simon & Schuster, 2006〕 Zubaydah eventually became involved in the jihad training site known as the Khalden training camp, where he oversaw the flow of recruits and obtained passports and paperwork for men transferring out of Khalden. He may also have worked as an instructor there.〔 Although originally described as an Al Qaeda training camp, this alleged connection, which has been used as justification for holding Zubaydah and others as enemy combatants,〔 has recently come under scrutiny from multiple sources,〔〔(Khalid Sulaymanjaydh Al Hubayshi Unclassified Verbatim Combatant Status Review Tribunal Transcript ), pp. 65–73, Department of Defense 〕〔(Noor Uthamn Muhammed Unclassified Verbatim Combatant Status Review Tribunal ), p. 15, Department of Defense〕〔(''9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States'' ), July 22, 2006〕〔Brynjar Lia, ''Architect of Global Jihad: The Life of Al-Qaida Strategist Abu Mus'ab al-Suri'' (pg. 242–243 ), Columbia University Press, 2008〕 and the camp may have shuttered its doors in 2001 in response to an ideological division with Al Qaeda.〔〔〔〔 By 1999, the United States government was attempting to surveil Zubaydah.〔("Pak leadership under Sharif offered to try to capture Osama" ), The Press Trust of India Ltd. Through ''Asia Pulse'', March 28, 2004 (Access My Library Link, requires free membership)〕 By March 2000, United States officials were reporting that Zubaydah was a "senior Bin Laden official," the "former head of Egypt-based Islamic Jihad," a "trusted aide" to Bin Laden with "growing power," who had "played a key role in the East Africa embassy attacks."〔(David A. Vise and Lorraine Adams, "Bin Laden Weakened, Officials Say" ), ''The Washington Post''. March 11, 2000 (Highbeam News Database Link, requires free membership)〕 Zubaydah was convicted ''in absentia'' in Jordan and sentenced to death〔("Six Muslim militants sentenced to death for plotting to attack tourists in Jordan" ), ''The Independent'', September 19, 2000〕 by a Jordanian court for his role in plots to bomb U.S. and Israeli targets there.〔(Jamal Halaby, "Arabs of Terror Linked to Bin Laden," AP News Online ) (Highbeam News Database Link, requires free membership)〕 A senior Middle East security official said Zubaydah had directed the Jordanian cell and was part of "Bin Laden's inner circle."〔("Trainees in Terror" ), ''The Seattle Times'', Sunday, March 5, 2000〕 In August 2001, the classified FBI report, ''Bin Laden Determined To Strike in US'', said that the foiled millennium bomber, Ahmed Ressam, had confessed that Zubaydah had encouraged him to blow up the Los Angeles airport and facilitated his mission.〔("Transcript: Bin Laden determined to Strike in US" ), CNN.com, April 10, 2004〕 The report said that Zubaydah was also planning his own attack on the U.S.〔 However, when Ressam was tried in December 2001, federal prosecutors did not try to connect him to Zubaydah or refer to any of this supposed evidence in its case.〔(Elaine Ganley, "Terror Plot Took Typical Path" ), AP Online, December 19, 2001 (Highbeam News Database Link, requires free membership)〕 After the trial, Ressam recanted his confession, saying he had been coerced into giving it. According to a psychological evaluation conducted upon his capture,〔 Zubaydah allegedly served as Osama Bin Laden's senior lieutenant and counter-intelligence officer (i.e. third or fourth highest-ranking member of al Qaeda), managed a network of training camps, was involved in every major terrorist operation carried out by al Qaeda (including the planning of 9/11), and was engaged in planning future terrorist attacks against U.S. interests. These statements were widely echoed by members of the Bush administration and other US officials.〔〔(''Report: Insider May Testitfy On Zubaydah'' ) April 2, 2002 (Highbeam News Database Link, requires free membership)〕〔(''United States Helsinki Commission Briefing Transcript'' ) Political/Congressional Transcript Wire, June 22, 2007 (Access My Library Link, requires free membership)〕〔(''Transcript of Video News Story on Guantanamo Bay with Kelli Arena Reporting'' ) CNN, September 24, 2006 (Access My Library Link, requires free membership)〕〔(''Department of Defense News Briefing'' ) April 2, 2002 (Access My Library Link, requires free membership)〕〔(Gerry Gilmore ''Rumsfeld Confirms Capture of Senior Al Qaeda Leader'' ) Department of Defense, April 2, 2002〕〔(Donald Rumsfeld ''News Transcript'' ) Department of Defense, April 3, 2002〕〔(''Profile: Abu Zubaydah'' ) BBC News, April 2, 2002〕〔(''World: United States'' ) Western Mail, April 3, 2002〕〔(''Remarks by the President at Connecticut Republican Committee Luncheon'' ) White House website, April 9, 2002〕〔George W. Bush's Remarks at the Virginia Military Institute, April 17, 2002〕〔(George W. Bush ''Remarks by the President at Thaddeus McCotter for Congress Dinner'' ) White House website, October 14, 2002〕〔(''The White House’s Perverse Argument: Opinion Watch'' ) ''The Washington Post'', February 7, 2008〕〔(''Terrorism Notebook. More attacks have been prevented, officials say'' ). ''The Seattle Times'', January 11, 2003〕〔(Massimo Calabresi and Romesh Ratnesar, ''Can we stop the next attack?'' ) CNN News, March 4, 2002〕〔(''Who’s Who in al-Qaeda?'' ) BBC News〕 Zubaydah's perceived "value" as a detainee would later be used by President Bush to justify the use of "enhanced interrogation techniques"〔(''George W. Bush September 2006 Speech'' ) September 2006〕 and Zubaydah's detention in secret CIA prisons around the world.〔(''Bush Concedes CIA Held Suspects in Secret Prisons'' ) NPR, September 6, 2006〕 However, Zubaydah's connection to Al Qaeda is now often said to have been overstated,〔〔〔(Scott Shane, "Divisions Arose on Rough Tactics for Qaeda Figure" ), ''The New York Times'', April 17, 2009〕〔("Transcript of Representative John Conyers Jr. Hearing on C.I.A.’s Destruction of Tapes" ), Political/Congressional Transcript Wire, December 20, 2007 (Access My Library Link, requires free membership)〕〔Peter Finn and Julie Tate ("CIA Mistaken on 'High-Value' Detainee, Document Shows" ), ''The Washington Post'', June 16, 2009〕 and in response to his habeas corpus petition, the U.S. Government stated in 2009 that they did not contend that Zubaydah had any involvement with the 9/11 attacks or that he had even been a member of Al Qaeda.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Consortiumnews.com )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Abu Zubaydah」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|